Monday, August 24, 2020
Equal Opportunity in Early Childhood Education Essay
Anticipating value can be a troublesome errand for youth teachers across Australia. As indicated by Sims (2009), value in youth training alludes to decency and depends on a parity of two unique arrangements of rights: each child’s right to a chance to go to a youth situation and each child’s option to take part and be spoken to similarly inside that condition. Youngsters have assorted needs and have a place with various societies and social gatherings which brings about kids taking part in youth situations in an unexpected way. Children’s access to quality youth programs which address issues of value and social equity are vital in amplifying children’s cooperation in the learning encounters (Robinson and Diaz, 2006). Equivalent Opportunity in Early Childhood Education Under the National Partnership Agreement on Early Childhood Education, states and regions have focused on accomplishing widespread access to youth training for all youngsters by 2013 (Council of Australian Governments, 2008). The Agreement focuses on a child’s option to have a chance to go to a youth domain, by expressing that by 2013 youngsters will approach quality projects sorted out by multi year college prepared youth educators (Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, 2011). Anyway all through Australia there is as of now a lack of educators, so will these objectives be attainable? While this is a positive understanding tending to each child’s right to the chance to go to a youth domain, it dismisses the need to deliver each child’s option to rise to investment. Opportunity alone won't improve the nature of early learning encounters gave to youngsters. Each Child’s Right to Participate Equality of interest is an issue in youth instruction that is worried about youth teachers, along with kids, making a different scope of social and social learning exercises and encounters for all youngsters to access in the youth condition (Elliot, 2006). Pictures of the youngster as less able or created than grown-ups can prompt a misguided judgment that kids don't have the enthusiastic or psychological ability to settle on sound decisions. This reasoning may prompt the voices of youngsters being kept separate from choices that influence them, denying kids their entitlement to take an interest similarly in their youth condition. All the more significantly, this doesn't line up with academic works on fitting the United Nations’ Conventions of the Rights of the Child (The Convention) (1989). In what capacity Can Educators Ensure Equal Participation in the Early Childhood Environment? As indicated by the Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF), through their practices teachers ought to strengthen the standards spread out in The Convention (Council of Australian Governments, 2009). The Convention expresses that all kids reserve the option to investment. This incorporates instructors including kids in choices that straightforwardly influence them (United Nations, 1989). The issue of equivalent interest includes teachers working together with youngsters pretty much all issues influencing their lives and regarding children’s family, culture, language and different characters by speaking to these decent varieties in ordinary exercises and learning encounters. Counting children’s social and social foundations into the programming and arranging empowers youngsters to effectively take an interest similarly in the youth condition. In today’s youth conditions, a huge swath of spaces will be accessible and they may change contingent upon the children’s interests. This can incorporate spaces that permit youngsters to communicate their insight and comprehension of the world, by giving a scope of exercises inside various spaces. Exercises bolstered by spaces incorporate however are not constrained to: †¢ craftsmanship perusing innovative play critical thinking Catering for assorted variety through comprehensive practices recognizes that all kids have distinctive beneficial encounters. The youth condition at that point turns into a spot for community oriented getting the hang of supporting decent variety and distinction through regarding each child’s equivalent right to cooperation. Implanting practices of assorted variety and incorporation in youth conditions is a troublesome undertaking for instructors. Teachers need to create rehearses that advance decent variety through speaking with kids, their families and one another, and consistently be asking themselves â€Å"Who is this work on profiting? †Catering for Diversity in the Early Childhood Environment. Speaking to every youngster in the youth condition includes more than basically including a scope of different assets. This is one little part of incorporation and assorted variety. Assets should be talked about and investigated with kids and instructors need to tune in and see how kids are interfacing with them. As of late, I included a huge felt world guide to the preschool condition. This asset included felt creatures and individuals from around the globe. The youngsters had been investigating creatures and the relationship that people have with them. My aim was for the kids to investigate the contrasts among land and ocean creatures. Anyway the kids had an alternate understanding and as a gathering they chose to put the felt individuals onto the nation where they accepted they were conceived. Not having any desire to interfere with the children’s commitment with this asset, I viewed on as the children’s interests changed from creatures to individuals and spots of inception. Soon after this experience, I saw a few kids sympathetically disclosing to another youngster that since her skin was earthy colored, she was not from Australia. Adding this asset to the earth motivated a discussion about assorted variety, yet it didn't urge kids to investigate consideration and value. This asset should have been bolstered with a continued shared reasoning discussion that included teachers and kids in conversations about regard, assorted variety and incorporation inside the Australian setting. Supported Shared Thinking Iram Siraj-Blatchford (2005) characterizes continued shared intuition as at least two people cooperating in a scholarly manner to take care of an issue, explain an idea, assess exercises or expand a story. The two gatherings must add to the reasoning, and the thoughts must create and stretch out through the conversation. Tending to each child’s right to investment through the act of continued shared reasoning includes youth teachers drawing in with families and kids to viably cooperate so as to arrange, create and execute learning plans, results and evaluations for their own kids. Family inclusion is basic to the accomplishment of small kids in early learning situations, as every family originates from a various culture with various customs, qualities, and conviction framework. So as to successfully address the issue of value, instructors need to make shared aware connections, where guardians and kids are heard and their thoughts are remembered for nature. As perceived in the EYLF (Council of Australian Governments, 2009), a picture of a youngster that depends on kids being fit and learned, expects teachers to regard each child’s capacities, culture, and one of a kind characteristics. Getting ready for value in the youth condition is significant for children’s social and enthusiastic prosperity. Every kid and family carry with them an assortment of decent varieties to the child’s own getting the hang of, bringing about kids encountering a feeling of having a place, being and turning out to be in an unexpected way. With every condition being diverse as far as ways of thinking, youngsters, families and network association, how you remember families for your one of a kind situation will differ. Continued shared reasoning practices are one way teachers can improve the issue of value in youth training. Having the option to incorporate the voices of youngsters and their families by providing food for each child’s decent varieties and empowering a feeling of prosperity ought to be viewed as a positive quality of the youth instruction part. Something to consider †¦ adolescence is wide need ? value in earlythat kids approach ? differencesequityto be recognized to address in youth it is significant ? youth conditions that speak to ? the capacity to program and plan for youngsters, with who they are kids, families and networks is a quality of the youth segment youth teachers need to speak to kids similarly and assorted variety ? all support to address their privilege ? helping youngsters reveal distinction potential to in a steady domain has the change future social orders and will build acknowledgment and regard for other people. Assets and References: Further data about supported shared reasoning practices can be found at: http://www. earlychildhoodaustralia. organization. au/pdf/shared_thinking. pdf Council of Australian Governments. (2008). National organization concurrence on youth instruction. Recovered May 18, 2011, from http://www. federalfinancialrelations. gov. au/content/national_partnership_agreements/ED005/national_partnership_on_early_childhood_ education_update. pdf Council of Australian Governments. (2009). Having a place, being and turning into: the early years learning system for Australia. Recovered May 25, 2010, from http://www. deewr. gov. au/earlychildhood/policy_agenda/quality/pages/earlyyearslearningframework. aspx Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. (2011). General access to youth instruction. Recovered May 20, 2011, from http://www. deewr. gov. au/Earlychildhood/Policy_Agenda/ECUA/Documents/UA_ECE_Facts
Saturday, August 22, 2020
The Importance Of Developing Entrepreneurial Skills Commerce Essay
The Importance Of Developing Entrepreneurial Skills Commerce Essay The significance of the improvement of innovative abilities by each graduate can't be over-underlined on the grounds that gone are the days when occupations were accessible wherever both in the private and open segment of the economy and bosses approach searching for potential representatives to utilize. For sure, before, the businesses go round colleges in this nation to chase for potential workers. At that point there were less colleges and low college enrolment. Yet, today, things have changed and radically too with the end goal that numerous alumni are presently merchants of revive cards and some work as transport conductors. What a monetary catastrophe and waste! The subject of decision of occupation or business is bit by bit being disintegrated every year. Numerous alumni are edgy to land any position to prop body and soul up. In fact there is a change in perspective in the work showcase now. Indeed, even the expert controls are presently quick getting into that issue of jobles sness. Work possibilities for the young people are changing with a ton of expanding rivalry; the openings are similarly constrained. Likewise, work in the open part is additionally diminishing and work possibilities are decreasing continuously. Added to this revolting circumstance are the expanding pattern of employment re-appropriating, casualization of work in the oil and gas industry and the expanding marvel of rightsizing of work among enormous firms and enterprises in the nation. As a reaction, the figure of tertiary alumni who have not had the option to make sure about the primary work since graduation for upward of five years is on the expansion and even those with proficient capabilities like MBA, ICAN, COREN, Medicine and Pharmacy are not saved from the appalling wonder. Others are paid peanuts on the off chance that they are fortunate to make sure about paid occupation. Some currently swear by their lower capabilities like WASC and OND to make sure about modest occupations. The ongoing monetary emergency likewise has exacerbated the situation. A few organizations are therefore working underneath anticipated limit. The present difficulties in the budgetary area, especially the cash and the capital markets and their resulting consequences for the economy, especially on the genuine division just as the medicinal endeavors of the CBN are noticeably glaring, informative and testing. In any case, business enterprise and to be sure the requirement for building up the imperative pioneering aptitudes have been proposed to help review the previously mentioned issues by making individuals not exclusively to be work makers however riches makers (Midea, 2004 ; Izedonmi, 2009). As indicated by Small Business Service (2005), the ownership of innovative aptitudes to make new information based social endeavors is essential to tending to social and ecological issues viably. Our country can't stand to play with it. Our tertiary organizations must react quick and emphatically towards enterprise training. Notwithstanding, general business aptitudes and general information are viewed as deficient to transform graduates into business people (Kisby, 2004). Thus, the need to create explicit business enterprise aptitudes can't be overemphasized .This is on the grounds that enterprise has been crucial to making work and in this way an uncommon type of employability (Moreland, 2004). Both the administration and the scholarly world have been pulled in to it. Specifically, colleges are re-structuring their educational programs and the manners in which they work to make open doors for the preparation of their understudies in useful pioneering aptitudes. Because of the manner in which pioneering programs have accepted a worldwide multiplication and measurement, it was proposed by Volkmann (2004) that it has become the significant scholastic order for business instruction in the 21st century. I absolutely concur with him. Financial Growth And Entrepreneurship Late Survey Report in 2008 by the Kauffman Foundation regarding the connection between monetary development and business enterprise found that all countries with elevated level of work exercises had better than expected pace of financial development. What this converts into is that pioneering lacking economy will have low development while innovatively great economy will in general appreciate great development. Subsequently, Government has come to perceive the significance of business enterprise in financial improvement that innovative endeavors have in-constructed ability to advance work and monetary development. Writing Review One of the primary courses explicitly tending to business was built up at the Harvard Business School in 1947.In the U.K, the main courses in enterprise were propelled during the 1980s along with the UKs first activity for big business in advanced education (Elton, 1991, Kirby, 1989 2005, Volkmann, 2004). Along this line, Fry (1992) comments that business enterprise has been one of the quickest developing orders in the U.S.A in the 1990s.By the turn of the 21st century, upwards of 1600 colleges in the North-America were offering courses in business contrasted with just two handfuls during the 1970s (Inegbenebor, 2005). The development of enterprise instruction and the resulting incorporation into the educational plans of colleges in the United Kingdom has been ascribed to the sheer need to serve the advancement need of organizations and to deliver graduates with transferable abilities for organizations. Enterprise IN NIGERIA As per Ekanem (2005), the history and advancement of business enterprise in Nigeria began during the 1960s as upheld likewise by a portion of the prior examinations, for example, Schatz and Edokpayi (1962), Harris (1969), Olakanpo (1968) and Akeredolu-Ale (1972). Along these lines, the idea of business enterprise advancement in Nigeria isn't new. Since the 1970s, a few government organizations and establishments in the nation have been occupied with various parts of cultivating business enterprise in Nigeria, however with fleeting and fluctuated triumphs. For example, the Center for Management Development (CMD), National Directorate of Employment (NDE), previous Nigeria Industrial Development Bank (NIDB), Nigerian Bank for Commerce and Industry (NBCI), Nigeria Youth Service Corps (NYSC), among others had programs for enterprise improvement in Nigeria. Other innovative improvement offices incorporate government supported Entrepreneurial Development Program (EDP). NGOs, Nigerian Employ ers Consultative Association (NECA).The life with which it was sought after then is an alternate issue for our evaluation. On the off chance that the verifications are accessible even the visually impaired and hard of hearing can feel it. Just imbeciles dont evidence. What Does Entrepreneurship Really Entail? Essentially, what business enterprise involves incorporates: The structure of aptitudes in exchange Building initiative expertise New item improvement Inventive and creative reasoning and Introduction to mechanical development, (Kuratko, 2003). It tells understudies and graduates the best way to accept and carry on innovatively. It urges them to engage in systems administration, make and oversee organizations of their own and encourage progress and achievement in innovative profession. Enterprise could fulfill status and social needs and prompts vanity and realization. It can likewise meet the money related requirements for the business visionaries and their families. Truth be told, business enterprise is a fantastic procedure despite the fact that it very well may be dangerous and may even prompt loss of riches now and again (Fry, 1992). Society-wise, business enterprise has had significant effects from the beginning of time on account of various innovations, monstrous occupation manifestations made through little and medium scale undertakings (SMES) in both created and creating nations. Meanings OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP Different definitions have been given for business enterprise. For example Inegbenebor and Igbinomwanhia (2008) state that: Entrepreneurship is the way toward playing out the jobs of a business person. It has been characterized as the way toward arranging, working and accepting the danger of an undertaking. It might likewise be characterized as the way toward making a coterie estimation of arranging a one of a kind bundle of assets to misuse a chance. Enterprise incorporates different exercises which are done to guarantee the endurance and development of the business Inegbenebor (2006) characterizes it as: it is tied in with bearing the abilities expected to accept the danger of building up a business. It is tied in with building up the triumphant procedures and executing them with all force, determination and enthusiasm expected to dominate any match Ekanem (2005): Entrepreneurship is the procedure of or limit with respect to arranging, working and expecting hazard for an undertaking. It is dynamic hazard taking, innovative and development arranged conduct which includes the utilization of different assets to make riches Ekwe (1992): sees that, Entrepreneurship includes the: capacity to see productive business openings. 2. ability to follow up on what is seen and 3. essential arranging aptitudes related with an undertakings Fry (1992) says that Entrepreneurship includes activity as opposed to static occasions. It includes making a move important to investigate chances to dispatch or potentially develop business, to back the endeavor and perhaps even to contribute the endeavor. Izedonmi (2009) set business in a continuum structure with monetary enterprise toward the finish of the continuum and social business enterprise at the opposite end. In the middle of these you will locate some changing qualities of mixes. The procedure is additionally unique. In synopsis, the focal issues in business enterprise include vulnerability and hazard taking, development, observation and change. For example, Drucker (1985) sets that advancement is the determination instrument of enterprise. He contended further that the business visionaries should consistently change to react to it, and adventure it as a chance. Attributes OF A DWINDLING ECONOMY The attributes include: High joblessness rate High expansion rate Low normal genuine salary Low sparing proportion or high utilization proportion Low degrees of
Tuesday, July 21, 2020
Dealing With a Partner Who Doesnt Want Change
Dealing With a Partner Who Doesnt Want Change Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems Print Dealing With a Partner Who Doesnt Want Change By Sheri Stritof Sheri Stritof has written about marriage and relationships for 20 years. Shes the co-author of The Everything Great Marriage Book. Learn about our editorial policy Sheri Stritof Updated on October 01, 2018 More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse Does your spouse complain about not feeling well but wont see a doctor? Does your partner make plans for a romantic evening or getaway with you and then ruin it by being too tired or not feeling well? Does your partner make promises that arent kept? Does your spouse acknowledge that there are problems in your relationship but refuses to change behaviors or see a marriage counselor with you? If your answer is yes to all or most of these questions, it sounds like you have a spouse or partner who either refuses or is not motivated to change. The frustration of your spouses lack of follow-through on good intentions, or saying one thing and then doing another, or breaking promises can slowly erode both the emotional and physical intimacy in your marriage. This frustration can be heightened if your spouse refuses to seek marriage counseling with you. What can you do when faced with a spouse who has a serious problem or troubling behavior? Here are some examples of a spouses behavior that may destroy or cause major friction in your marriage:?? gamblinggetting drunk often or drinking too muchspending too much moneyhaving a very negative attitudenot able to hold down a jobemotionally or physically abusivedoesnt make time for the children or youfrequently unfaithful If your spouse wont change, isnt willing to work on improving your marriage, or wont seek help, you may be on the path to divorce. Although it isnt easy to cope with this type of situation, heres some guidance on how you can deal with a difficult marriage when only one of you wants change. There are no easy answers when your spouse can see no reason for a change. Some situations can be dealt with and other situations are deal-breakers. Only you know what you can tolerate and still be emotionally healthy yourself. You Cant Change Your Spouse Accept that you cant change your spouse. You can only change yourself and your own reactions. Changing your own behavior may trigger your spouse to want to make changes.??Respond differently to difficult situations. If youve had the same argument over and over, state that you will not rehash the issue and leave the room. If youve not expressed your feelings previously, share how you feel with your spouse.Never endanger yourself or your children by remaining in an abusive situation. Know Yourself Get to know yourself and look at your own attitudes, behaviors, expectations, hopes, dreams, memories, concerns, behavior triggers, fears, etc. Ask yourself how long you think you can stay in your marriage if things dont improve.Consider individual counseling to prevent feeling depressed or helpless, to understand your role in the conflict in your marriage, and to clarify your plans for your future.??Decide which of your spouses negative behaviors you can live with and which ones are deal-breakers. Decide if you are able to adjust to the irritating and hurtful situations in your marriage or not. Face The Issues Realize that your spouse may not be as frustrated and unhappy as you are.While sharing your love for your spouse, express your concerns and fears about the future of your marriage. If you are having doubts about your love, make a list of what you love about your partner.Dont postpone having a conversation with your spouse to identify the behaviors and face the issues that are creating problems in your marriage.?? Strategies for Difficult Conversations Pick a location for the conversation that is free of distractions.Choose a time when neither of you is tired.Be warm and not confrontational.Dont lecture.Stay on the topic.Identify the problem.Clarify how the problem is impacting your marriage.Talk about what you want in your relationship, not about what you dont want. Discuss what makes you both happy and fulfilled.??Brainstorm and discuss solutions to the problem. Bring up the possibility of marriage counseling.Agree to set a time frame to re-evaluate how things are going.Try saying something like this: We disagree a lot and its causing disconnection between us. Thats why I would like for us to go to seek couples therapy. or I love you and I care about us. I need some help in learning how to communicate with you better. I would like to try counseling with you. Re-Evaluate If things are not going well when the two of you are ready to re-evaluate your marriage issues, think about these questions: Is this a temporary crisis or the end of your marriage?What is the best thing that could happen if you stay together?What is the best thing that could happen if you divorce?What is the worst thing that could happen if you stay together?What is the worst thing that could happen if you divorce?Even if you believe your marriage is over, try one more time. Dont leave without telling your spouse you dont think the two of you can save your marriage without professional help.
Friday, May 22, 2020
Computer mediated communication (CMC) - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3337 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Contents 1. Introduction             3 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Computer mediated communication (CMC)" essay for you Create order 2. Literature Review             4 3. Problem Definition             7 3.1. Research objectives             7 4. Proposed Research Methodology             7 4.1. Research Design             7 4.2. Proposed Method of Analysis             8 4.3. Universe Definition             8 4.4. Sampling Structure             8 5. Expected Contribution             9 1. Introduction Computer mediated communication (CMC) has brought about a great shift in the way we interact and look for information (Papacharissi and Rubin, 2000). Using the internet, today, users have access to thousands of sources, get information that is presented in a wide range of formats, and can also interact with people anywhere in the world. With the turn of the new millennium there has been a fundamental shift in the way people all over the world communicate even using the internet. This phenomenal change has occurred with the arrival of the Web 2.0 technology which has enabled increased amount of interaction and community formation. Of all the Web 2.0 applications, one of the most interesting and rising Web 2.0 innovations is weblogs, popularly referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"blogsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Blogs are frequently-updated websites by the owner of the site, where multimedia content can be posted. Blogs form a new genre of computer-mediated communication (Blood, 2002). Blog posts are generally in the reverse chronological order and the older posts can be archived. Readers of blogs can comment, rate, bookmark or link to the blog. Such linking forms an entire network of highly connected people (Wilde, 2007). This clustered network of interconnected texts form what is called the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“blogosphereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Simply put, the blogosphere comprises of groups of authors of content and their readers/ users. Blogs are rising in popularity. The total number of blogs in Technorati, a popular blog indexing site had reached a 133 million mark by 2008, with 900,000 blog posts in 24 hours (Sifry, 2008). With such exponential growth, in recent times the academia and industry has taken good notice of the medium. Research has been conducted on blog writer and reader motivations and final behaviour (Huang, Chou Lin, 2008). Studies say that motivation is a function of intrinsic and extrinsic factors (Guay, Vallerand Blanchard, 2000). Hence one can infer that motivation to use a blog will change with the type of blog. However, studies have not considered blog user motivations in the context of the blog types. Not much academic research has been done in studying blog readers (Huang, Chou Lin, 2008). This research is an attempt at developing an understanding of the motivations behind reading of blogs, in relation to different types of blogs. The present study aims at understanding the key drivers that motivate blog reading among Indians and hence develop a model which clearly brings out the association of these motivating factors with various types of blogs. The classification of blogs will be on the basis of reader perception. Hence, it is expected that the study will help developing a consumer-centric classification schema for blogs. Existing literature in the area of blogs indicates that little research has happened in this field. However, of whatever work has been done, most of the research focuses on the blog itself or on the blogger, and very rarely on the blog reader (Huang et al., 2008). This section talks about the existing body of knowledge on blogs. Huang et al., (2008), have suggested a good way of classifying the existing academic research on blogs. They say that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“previous research of blogs has investigated blog categories, motives for use, or motives for writing. Scholars also consider readersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ responses after reading blogs, such as trust and interactionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (p. 351). There are even studies done on the structural and systems aspects of blogs (Wilde, 2008; Herring, Scheidt, Wright Bonus, 2005; Schmidt, 2007) and blogging benefits (Baker and Moore, 2008). Looking at studies that have gone into the details of blog categories, a lot of work has been done by blog authors themselves (Herring, Scheidt, Wright Bonus, 2005). Some of the most important ones which are oft-quoted in literature are those of Blood (2002), Krishnamurthy (2002) and Herring et al. (2005), who have all significantly contributed to the field of classification of blogs. Blood (2002) classified blogs into three types on the basis of their functions as filters, personal journals and notebooks. Krishnamurthy (2002) went on to classify blogs into four types using two dimensions of a blogs orientation: personal versus topical and community versus individual. Herring, Scheidt, Wright, and Bonus (2005) used Krishnamurthys categorization and further developed a five-category scheme for classification of blogs on the basis of frequency of updating. Dearstyne (2005) suggests five types of blogs based on their uses. Corry and Mundell (2006) have arrived at a certain blog classification scheme on the basis of the purpose of existence of the blogs. However, all these classifications have either come from content analysis of blogs and do not take the readersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ view into consideration for classifying. There has been a lot of research done on specific genres of blogs. Apart from analyses of personal blogs, extensive research has been done on journalist blogs (Haas, 2005; Lasica, 2002; Matheson, 2004; Tremayne, 2006). Political blogs form another interesting topic of reserahc (Bahnisch, 2006; Bruns, 2007; Singer, 2005). A growing area of research is the role of blogs as organizational communication vehicle through corporate blogs (Charman, 2006; Efimova Grudin, 2007; Kaiser, MÃÆ' ¼ller-Seitz, Pereira, Pina, 2007; Kelleher Miller, 2006). Yet another practical use of blogs that is being studied is its use for expert communication and personal knowledge management (Ewins, 2005; Halavais, 2006; Walker, 2006) or professionals from other disciplines (Bar-Ilan, 2005). A second set of research work has been done on the blog users in general and their behavioural patterns. Numerous researchers have tried to look into what are the various factors that go into what users of blog do. Bloggers use blogs for several reasons including using it as a personal journal, as a discussion space, as a collection of links, as an opinion center among many others (Figueredo, 2005). It may be inferred that, due to its multifarious uses, there may be numerous motivations, both intrinsic and extrinsic, that lead to blog usage (Huang, Shen, Lin Chang, 2007). Baker and Moore (2008) have studied the perception of social well-being, social support and social satisfaction of bloggers as against those of non-bloggers. They found that bloggersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ social integration, reliable alliance and friendship satisfaction increased significantly compared to non-bloggersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, suggesting that blogging has beneficial effects on social well-being, especially with respect to perceived social support. Trevino (2005) has tried to study the reasons why people are in the blogosphere concluded that the most important factor motivating peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s presence in the blogosphere is that self-expression. Shen and Chiou (2009) study the aspects that go into blog community formation and the factors which cause an individual to be a part of the blog community. They say that community identification increases willingness to be a part of the community thereby positively influencing an individuals attitude towards the community to remain a member of the community. There is another body of knowledge which discusses the issue of trust and self-disclosure on blogs (e.g., Qian and Scott, 2007; Ko and Kuo, 2009). Qian and Scott (2007) explore the issues of anonymity and self-disclosure on blogs. This study concludes that bloggers whose target audience does not include people they know offline report a higher degree of anonymity than those whose audience does. Ko and Kuo (2009) reveal that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“self-disclosure of bloggers significantly and directly affects a bloggerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perception of social integration, bonding social capital, and bridge social capital, which in turn promote bloggersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ subjective well-being.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? A subset of research on blog users is those on blog writers or bloggers. Some researchers have tried to understand bloggersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ motivations in great depth (e.g.. Blood, 2002; Blumenthal, 2005; Herring, Scheidt, Wright Bonus, 2005; Lenhart and Fox, 2006; Huang, Shen, Lin Chang, 2007). However, Nardi, Schiano, Gumbrecht and Swartz (2004) analysed this issue in detail. They conducted ethnographic interviews and concluded that bloggers have five fundamental motivations that drive them to blog: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“to document their life experiences, to provide commentary and opinions, to express deeply felt emotions, to articulate ideas through writing, and to form and maintain community forums. Huang, Shen, Lin Chang (2007) conducted an empirical study which concluded that interaction by blogging is driven by the motivations of self-expression, life documenting, and commenting while on the other hand, content gathering by blogging is found to be driven by the motivations of commenting, forum participation, and information seeking. They also went on to say that these motivations drive two types of behaviour: interaction-oriented behaviour and information-oriented behaviour. There is also an attempt at understanding self-presentation strategies that blog writers adopt (Jung, Youn McClung, 2007). This study shows that the reasons for hosting personal mini-homepages are entertainment and self-expression followed by the professional advancement and passing time. According to the uses and gratification theory, users are seen as active gratification seekers interacting with the media as opposed to passive recipients of media content (Goffman, 1959). Having said this, blog readers are consuming content, and have the choice to read content that they want to at any given point of time. While all the above mentioned areas of research lay huge emphasis on the blogger, the blog reader, who forms an important component of the blogosphere, has been sparsely researched on (Huang, Chou Lin, 2008). Huang, Chou Lin (2008) tried to study the fundamental motivators behind reading blogs. This research work has arrived at a causal relationship of motives with blog reader responses. After secondary research and exploratory research, the authors have used five distinct motives in their study: affective exchange, information search, entertainment, and getting on the bandwagon. The behaviours that the paper proposes are opinion acceptance, interaction intentions, and word-of-mouth (WOM) intentions. While looking at the existing literature on blog user behaviour (both blogger and blog readers), it has been found that most of the blogs are of the personal blogs type. However, researchers have not tried to explore behaviour on the basis of blog type. From the above literature review, it is evident that there is a void in the area of research that concerns blog readers as a category of individuals on the blogosphere. Also, there is no work that has tried to bring a readersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ dimension to classification of blogs. Hence, this study will aim at bringing about a relationship between the motivating factors for reading blogs and the various types of blogs that may eventually emerge from the blog-consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ perspective. 3. Problem Definition This research aims to study the various factors that motivate reading of blogs corresponding to the various types of blogs that exist. This is a study that will be conducted among Indian blog readers. 3.1. Research objectives The key objective of the study is to identify factors affecting blog-reading and try mapping them to the various types of blogs in order to better understand motivators that drive reading through this new medium. This main objective can be achieved through the following objectives. * To identify the various drivers that motivate blog-reading among Indian * To develop a customer-centric blog classification schema on the basis of these drivers 4. Proposed Research Methodology 4.1. Research Design The research design will largely be a combination of exploratory and descriptive methods. Since the model cannot be built without further exploratory research, the study will have a mix of qualitative and quantitative techniques. The study will be conducted in two stages. The first stage will involve exploratory research which will help arrive at the factors that motivate reading of blogs. The output of this stage of the research, i.e., the list of motivators would be the input for the next stage which would involve quantitative validation of the factors using a semi-structured questionnaire. Stage 1: This involves understanding the motivating factors for blog reading in order to make a comprehensive list. This list of factors would be obtained from  · Analysis of secondary data This involves collecting the list of motivating factors in existing literature in the area of blog reading and general online reading.  · Primary research: In-depth interviews To determine the various factors that influence blog reading among online users in a manner that facilitates respondents to interact freely while giving the interviewer also the scope to probe deeply. Stage 2: This is the point where descriptive research is carried out. This is done to understand the most important motivating factors associated with different classes of blogs.  · Primary research: Semi-Structured Questionnaire The questionnaire would carry the factors determined at stage 1 which would be rated by the respondents. Administration of the questionnaire to the respondents would be done online. 4.2. Proposed Method of Analysis After the questionnaire is administered and the responses, collected, data analysis has to be done in order to arrive at the final model that the research proposes to develop. The following analytical tools will be used in order to arrive at the motivational model.  · Factor Analysis: Factor analysis has been proposed in order to arrive at the most important set of motives for reading blogs after the exploratory research.  · Regression: The factors and their relationship with different blog types can be determined through regression. 4.3. Universe Definition The following are the specifications of the target group. SEC: A, B Age: 15 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 30 Element: Indian male or female individual having access to internet at home,                                           college or workplace who are readers of blogs. Place: India 4.4. Sampling Structure The sampling unit in this case is individuals. The sample design is described separately for the two stages as follows. Stage 1: Qualitative Study  · Sampling Technique Purposive sampling would be used for conducting the depth interview.  · Sample Size This would be conducted among 9 individuals.  · Sampling Plan The respondents would be blog readers selected from the city of Ahmedabad. Recruiting will be done on the basis of respondentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ frequency of reading blogs. Hence there will be three categories of blog readers with 3 individuals in each category à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" extremely regular, moderately regular and irregular readers of blogs. Stage 2: Quantitative Study  · Sampling Technique Snowball Sampling would be used for administering the questionnaire. Taking the route of references will ensure response.  · Sample Size The proposed sample size for the study will be approximately 200. Depending on the number of variables in the final model, the sample size will undergo change.  · Sampling Plan The geographic dispersion will be taken care of at the stage of online administration of the questionnaire to account for the four major zones (North, South, East West) of India. 5. Expected Contribution So far, research has seen blogs mainly from the blog writerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective. There is almost a dearth of academic research in the about blog readers. This research will contribute to bridging this gap in knowledge. Existing research talks about blog reading motivations without taking blog types into consideration. By taking blog types also into account, this research adds a very important dimension to the existing knowledge. There has been no published, academic research done on blogging behaviour in India. Being specific to Indian blog-readers, the will add to the Indian academic body of knowledge. Last but not the least, understanding the key factors that influence blog reading specific genres of blogs can help content producers tailor their blogs in a manner which appeals most to their readers. This finding will go a long way in helping brand managers in tailoring blog-based communication for their brands to engage their audiences. References Baker, J. R., Moore, S. M. (2008). Bloggingas a Social Tool: A Psychosocial Examination              of the Effects ofBlogging. CyberPsychology Behavior, Volume 11, Issue 6, 747-             749. Bar-Ilan, J. (2005). Information hub blogs. Journal of Information Science, 31, 297-307. Blood, R. (2002). The weblog handbook: Practical advice on creating and maintaining your              blog. Cambridge, MA: Perseus. Blumenthal, M. M. (2005). Toward an Open-Source Methodology: What Can We Learn              from the Blogsphere. Public Opinion Quarterly, Volumer 69, Issue 5, 655-68. Bruns, A. (2007). Methodologies for mapping the political blogosphere: An exploration              using the IssueCrawler research tool. First Monday, 12 (5). Retrieved September              21, 2007 from https://firstmonday.org/issues/issue12_5/bruns/index.html Charman, S. (2006). Blogs in business: Using blogs behind the firewall. In A. Bruns J.              Jacobs (Eds.), Uses of Blogs (pp. 57-68). New York: Peter Lang. Corry, W. and Mundell, J. (2006). Demystifying blogs Embracing objective              communication. Paper presented at the Marketing Research Society Annual              Conference, n.p. Dearstyne, B. W. (2005). Blogs: The new information revolution? Information              Management              journal, Volume 39, 3, 38-44. Efimova, L., Grudin, J. (2007). Crossing boundaries: A case study of employee blogging.              Proceedings of the Fortieth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences              (HICSS-40). Los Alamitos: IEEE Press. Ewins, R. (2005). Who are you? Weblogs and academic identity. E-Learning, 2, 368-377. Figueredo, P. (2005). Blogs and Blog Advertising: Smart Online Marketing, or a Waste              of Money? Target Marketing, Volume 28, 37. Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. Guay, F., Vallerand, R. J. Blanchard, C. (2000). On the assessment of situational intrinsic              and extrinsic motivation: The situational motivation scale (SIMS). Motivation and              Emotion, Vol. 24, No. 3, 175-213. Haas, T. (2005). From Public Journalism to the Publics Journalism? Rhetoric and              reality in the discourse on weblogs. Journalism Studies, 6(3), 387-396. Halavais, A. (2006). Scholarly blogging: Moving towards the visible college. In A. Bruns              J. Jacobs (Eds.), Uses of Blogs (pp. 117-126). New York: Peter Lang. Herring, S.C., Scheidt, L.A., Wright, E. Bonus, S. (2005). Weblogs as a bridging genre.              Information Technology People, 18, 2, 142-171. Huang, L., Chou, Y. Lin, C. (2008). The influence of reading motives in the responses              after              reading blogs. CyberPsychology Behaviour, Volume 11, 351 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 355. Huang, L., Shen, Y., Lin, C Chang, S. (2007). Bloggers Motivations and Behaviors: A              Model. Journal of Advertising Research, Volume 47, 472 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 484. Jung, T., Youn, M. A., and McClung, S. (2007). Motivations and self-presentation              strategies on Korean-based à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Cyworldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? weblog format personal homepages.              CyberPsychology Behavior, Volume 10, Number 1, 24-31. Kaiser, S., MÃÆ' ¼ller-Seitz, G., Pereira Lopes, M., Pina e Cunha, M. (2007). Weblog-             technology as a trigger to elicit passion for knowledge. Organization, 14, 391-             412. Kaye, B. K. (2005). Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a blog, blog, blog, blog world. School of Journalism Electronic              Media, Volume 13, 73à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"95. Kelleher, T., Miller, B. M. (2006). Organizational blogs and the human voice: Relational              strategies and relational outcomes. Journal of Computer-Mediated              Communication, 11 (2), article 1. Retrieved September 13, 2009 from              https://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue2/kelleher.html Ko, H., Kuo, F. (2009). CanBloggingEnhance Subjective Well-Being Through Self-             Disclosure? CyberPsychology Behavior, Volume 12, Number 1, 75-79. Krishnamurthy, S. (2002). The multidimensionality of blog conversations: The virtual              enactment of September 11. Internet Research 3.0, n.p. Lasica, J. D. (2002). Blogging as a form of journalism. In R. Blood (ed.), Weve Got Blog.              How Weblogsare Changing Our Culture (pp. 163-170). Cambridge: Perseus. Lenhart, A. and Fox, S. (2006, July). Bloggers: A Portrait of the Internets New              Storytellers. Pew Internet American Life Report, [URL:              https://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP%20Bloggers%20Report%20July%2019             %202006.pdf]. Li, D. (2007).Why Do You Blog: A Uses-and-Gratifications Inquiry Into Bloggersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢              Motivations. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International              Communication Association, TBA, San Francisco,              https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p171490_index.html. Matheson, D. (2004). Weblogs and the epistemology of the news: Some trends in online              journalism.New Media Society, 6, 443-468. Miller, C. R., Shepherd, D. (2004). Blogging as social action: a genre analysis of the weblog.              Into the blogosphere. https://blog.lib.umn.edu/blogosphere/ (accessed Nov 18, 2009). Nardi, B. A., Schiano, D. J,, Gumbrecht M., and Swart L. (2004). Why we blog.              Communications of the ACM, Volume 47, 41à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"46. Papacharissi, Z., Rubin, A.M. (2000). Predictors of Internet use. Journal of Broadcasting              Electronic Media Volume 44, 175à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"196. Qian, H., Scott, C. R. (2007). Anonymity and self-disclosure on weblogs. Journal of              Computer-Mediated Communication, Volume 12, Issue 4, Article 14.              https://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue4/qian.html. Schmidt, J. (2007). Blogging practices: An analytical framework. Journal of Computer-             MediatedCommunication, Volume 12, Issue 4, Article 13.              [URL:https://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue4/schmidt.html] Shen, C., Chiou, I. (2009). The effect of community identification on attitude and              intention toward a blogging community. Internet Research, Volume 19Issue 4. Sifry, D. (2008). State of the Blogosphere. Retrieved on November 15, 2009 from              https://www.sifry.com/alerts/ Singer, J. (2005). The political j-blogger. Normalizing a new media form to fit old norms              and practices. Journalism, 6, 173-198. Tremayne, M. (Ed.) (2006). Blogging, Citizenship, and the Future of Media. New York:              Routledge.Bahnisch, M. (2006). The political uses of blogs. In A. Bruns J. Jacobs              (Eds.), Uses of Blogs, 139-149. New York: Peter Lang. Trevino, E. M. (2005). Blogger motivations: Power, pull, and positive feedback. Internet              Research, www.blog.erickamenchen.net. Walker, J. (2006). Blogging from inside the ivory tower. In A. Bruns J. Jacobs (Eds.),              Uses of Blogs. 127-138. New York: Peter Lang. Wilde, E. (2008). Deconstructing blogs. Online Information Review, Volume: 32,Issue: 3,              401 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 414.
Thursday, May 7, 2020
Debriefing Simulation As A Reflective Tool - 1034 Words
Debriefing in the simulation as a reflective tool Simulation is one kind of reflective tool that widely use in nursing education. National League for Nursing (NLN) described that simulation was a teaching technique that encouraged students to use and apply their theoretical knowledge in clinical scenarios (2015). NLN (2015) also mentioned that â€Å"simulation engages learners with diverse perspectives to reflect and reframe the understanding of practice, bringing thinking and doing together†(p. 4). Jones (2009) showed the similar view that reflective simulation was a critical learning process via practiced-based scenario activity that enhanced students to learn and to practice skills before they faced real situations. However, not all processes of simulation use reflection, it is just debriefing process. According to Pivec (2012), â€Å"Reflection is often a part of debriefing†(p. 9), debriefing in the simulation was a method that students reflected their experiences and knowledge after simulation (Pivec, 2012). Likewise, Shinnick et al. (2011) explained that debriefing, a guided reflection after simulation produced by educators, was a crucial process of simulation that was the time for students to reflect and explore their learning. The appropriate time for debriefing was immediately after finishing their action in case scenario (Pivec, 2012; Shinnick et al, 2011). The length of debriefing time should be two or three times of simulation’s times that scheduled by educatorsShow MoreRelatedSimulation Of Nursing Education : A Literature Review1712 Words  | 7 PagesSimulation in Nursing Education: A Literature Review Teachers are champions of learning. They work endlessly to push students to succeed and grow. They teach them to be better readers, writers, mathematicians, scientist, historians and artists. Teachers are constantly evaluating what they can do to help their students learn and to achieve personal goals, life goals, and become productive members of society. However, not all learners have the same learning style and not all teachers have the sameRead MoreCase Study Of PEPTALC Needs1085 Words  | 5 Pages Sends email requesting instructors- 2 per session (1 simulation, 1 Newborn Sim Instructor) ii. Space in Sim Center (Theater and debriefing room) e. Simulation Center AC to confirm date/time with PepTalc instructors, NICU/PCU TC, and caregivers by an outlook meeting course request in Simulation Center calendar i. Outlook invitation will include: PEPTALC Instructors assigned for that session, Simulation Technology Specialist (TS), Simulation Center Room, and NICU/PCU TC f. NICU/PCU TC will confirmRead MoreSimulation And Virtual Applications For Learning1271 Words  | 6 PagesAccording to McGonigle Mastrian, (2012), educational games, simulation and virtual technologies each have features that can assist an individual in learning and assist educators to choose appropriate tools for learners. The features include, goal orientation, competition, exploratory learning and social interaction. Learning is a skill acquired and uses thought processes that individuals need to respond, such as in gaming. Interactive experiences motivate and engage individuals in the learningRead MoreThe International Nursing Association For Clinical Simulation Based Learning1344 Words  | 6 PagesStrategies Given the rapidly changing patient population and the increased complexity in health care, it is important to recognize the value of IPE and simulation, and aim to integrate the two strategies as we train future health professionals. This has been referred to in the literature as interprofessional simulation-based education or simulation-enhanced interprofessional education (sim-IPE), and is getting increased attention from accrediting bodies, health professional schools and educators.Read MoreThe Quality Of Standardized Patient1809 Words  | 8 Pageswho also posses proper bedside ettiquite. Simulation has taken a bold role in training students of not just procedures and medical competencies, but also clinical skills. Standardized patients have provided a unique human touch in this process of simulation. Specifically those that are trained to provide feedback have become an invaluable tool to medicine. In this paper, the focus will be on the quality of standardized patient debriefing. Debriefing in medicine has recently become a popular formRead MoreEmergencies In A Home Environment Case Study1269 Words  | 6 Pagesrelated emergencies in a home environment. The evaluation tools and survey were purposely developed to eliminate certain factors that could affect internal validity. Selection bias is eliminated by ensuring that participant characteristics incorporated all families/caregivers who care for children with tracheostomies can participate voluntarily in this curriculum. Therefore, the volunteer aspect can minimize bias results and reflect unbiased data of the educational intervention for this curriculumRead MoreThe Importance Of A Thoughtful Pre Briefing, Introduction, And Orientation Occurring Before A Simulation1793 Words  | 8 Pagespre-briefing, introduction, and orientation occurring before a simulation has been mentioned in literature for long time (Dismukes RK, McDonnell LK, Jobe KK. 2000; Howard S, et al. 1992). A good pre brief is also very important to increase the fidelity and to ensure learner’s feeling of security and well being (Bion WR. 1962 2005; Modell AH. 1976. Winnicott DW. 1955). Participants should not feel exposed by the simulation and debriefing in a way that threatens their professional and social identityRead More Nursing Practicum Proposal Essay2699 Words  | 11 Pagesserve as a guide for faculty to follow in order to provide high quality education for nursing students (NLN, 2007). This paper is aimed at proposing a student teaching practicum at North Central Michigan College (NCMC) in the nursing high fidelity simulation/skills lab for the winter 2014 semester. Scholarly Practicum Proposal The NLN has developed eight core competencies for nurse educators. The NLN proficiencies serve as a guide for faculty to follow in order to provide high qualityRead MoreThe Effects Of Simulation On The Nursing Education System1714 Words  | 7 PagesSimulation is has been adopted in the nursing education system, as a technique to curb common and dangerous occurrences that ensues in the health care system. After graduation and upon gaining employment in a hospital, nurses ought to be familiar with the fast paced and intense hospital setting, while executing various nursing practices, which includes clinical competence, timely decision making, critical thinking, efficient and professional human interaction. They are various form of simulationRead MorePolicies And Procedures For Student And Faculty Performance1611 Words  | 7 Pagescourse and annually (including teaching assignments/approaches, advising). Students will be evaluated with formative and summative evaluat ions including coursework (exam grades), clinical (performance, concept map, and reflective clinical evaluation tool or CET), and simulation. Curriculum will be evaluated at end of course (including clinical requirement/location, clinical site surveys, course sequencing, remediation, admission requirements). Program will be evaluated by retention, progression
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Key Economic Indicators and Changes over time in Bangladesh Free Essays
The ancient region that in 1000 B.C. was called the Vanga, or Banga, Kingdom is considered to be #8 among the poorest and most densely populated countries today. We will write a custom essay sample on Key Economic Indicators and Changes over time in Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bangladesh, an independent country with parliamentary democratic government at the head of the state, remains dependent on foreign investors, grant aids and loans from the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the U.S., Japan and some Western countries, and suffers from corruption, lack of reforms, weak infrastructure and unstable financial system. The economic exploitation of the East Bengal (contemporary Bangladesh) by the West Pakistan, contemporary Pakistan, has turned out to be the complete deficit for the first player and the surplus for the other one. Yet, the advantageous climate, fertile soil, abundance of water and population growth are still playing the essential role and bringing the balance in economic indicators: income and employment rates, productivity, import and export prices, inflation, balance of trade, balance of payments, etc. Till the 10th century the East Bengal was ruled by Buddhists. Since that time the power had been handing over to Hindu, then Islamic converts in 1576 and British India from 1757 till 1947. However, the foreign dominance has shifted to domestic one and for 24 years the historic region of Bengal was a part of Pakistan. Though, the most of Pakistani population were the residents of East Pakistan (contemporary Bangladesh), the West Pakistan was holding the control over politics and economics. Grace to Sheik Mujibur Rahman and other Bengali nationalists, the independent state of Bangladesh with the capital of the state – Dhaka, and Sheikh Mujibur, as its head, was proclaimed on March 26, 1971. However, 1 million Bengalis had to pay the price during the four-year civil war that followed the independence of Bengali nation. On February, 1974, Pakistan finally accepted their autonomy attempt and a slaughter of brave soldiers was compensated in an unexpected way. The greatest problem, which has affected the devastated economy in 1980s, was the population growth. According to the facts, provided by Heitzman, J., and Worden, R., the population of East Bengal in 1901 numbered 29 million people, of East Pakistan – 44 million in 1951, of Bangladesh – 71 million in 1974, 87 million in 1981 and 110 million in 1988 (1989). It was expected that Bangladesh will reach the mark of 140 million by 2000 and today it numbers 150 million people. Today, Bangladesh takes the first place in population among Asian countries, the third one in national debt and the lowest GDP growth – 4.5 percent (Vital Statistics, 2006). Though Bangladesh had such natural resources as natural gas, timber, coal and agricultural land, they could not cover the demand of the growing population, along with natural disasters, such as cyclones, tropical monsoons, droughts, tornadoes, tidal bores and floods; therefore, agriculture – the key economic factor – was rising from ashes over and over again. So, the newly proclaimed government had to seek answers to the following issues: 1) environmental – degradation and erosion of soil, deforestation, lack of lands for cultivation, shortages of water and its pollution, natural disasters; 2) national – overpopulation, illiteracy, technological regress and diseases. The independence has also brought some economic concerns, which have to be solved with the help of brand new economic policies and planning. The government of Bangladesh had to manage over 300 industrial enterprises (90 percent out of all enterprises such like), which West Pakistani owners left after 1971. The grant aid and loan commitments to the developing economy at that time numbered $15 billion disbursed out of $22 billion planned. The UN Development Program, along with the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and developed countries gave a hand to strengthen the new nation. In order to manage the economy, the government of Bangladesh had to develop new industrial capacities and rehabilitate the economy itself. The West Pakistani economic model turned out to be inefficient and has led to economic stagnation. In 1975, the government resolved to organize public corporations and gave a greater scope to private sector, which is still working on. The state-owned enterprises that were targeted at: sugar, cotton textiles, steel, fertilizer, chemicals, minerals, pharmaceuticals, food, forest, paper newsprint, cement, garments, tea processing, engineering and shipbuilding products have been privatized; while banking sector, jute, oil and gas production remained under the governmental control. Bangladeshi government endeavored to encourage private sector and investments, denationalize public industries, ease up the import system and reinstate budgetary regulation. Yet, the reforms, expected from an enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF), along with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), were affected by political confrontation in 1991-1993. That very year, Bangladesh received $3.3 billion in food and development assistance from the United States and was forgiven $293 million of national debt. The corruption level and political troubles cut the foreign investments in 2000-2001 and led to the economic regress. In 2003, after liberalization reform, the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) $490-million plan for 3 years was approved by the IMF. Also, the World Bank has approved $536 million in interest-free loans. Other economic policies originated from the West Pakistani model and estimated the Annual Development Program, Poverty Reduction Strategies (PRSs) and the five-year plans for the economy. The first two waves of the Five-Year Plan failed to meet the objectives; but the last one, which lasted from 1985 to 1990: reduced poverty, â€Å"[brought] down the rate of population growth to 1.8 percent annually (present rate is 2.2 percent (Vital Statistics, 2006)), increase[d] exports by 5.9 percent and domestic savings by 10 percent, attain[ed] self- sufficiency in food production, [stated] GDP of 5.4 percent†(Heitzman, 1989). In its turn, the government of Bangladesh maintained institutions, responsible for implementation of economic policies and planning. The Planning Commission, the National Economic Council, the Executive Committee and the Project Evaluation Committee were and are still monitoring the reforms and progresses of economic policies and plans. According to the â€Å"Bangladesh†fact sheet, the key economic indicators between 2001 and 2006 are as follows: GDP showed a stable increase from $47.2 billion in 2001 to 63.0 billion in 2006, therefore, real GDP growth varied from 4.8 to 6.2 accordingly; GDP per capita have increased from $335 to $407; goods exports varied from 14.5 percent of GDP to 16.1 percent. The Central Bank of Bangladesh in its publication â€Å"Major Economic Indicators†provided the ample data on other economic indicators. Hereby, the Bangladeshi inflation rate increased from 1.5 % in 2001 to 6.94 % in 2007; balance of trade, 2007, amounts $-2,551 million, exports increased by $1519.05 to $9036.45 million (20.21 %) and import payments increased by $2172.8 to $12743.5 million (20.55%) in 2007. These promising facts show that foreign investments and loans, along with domestic policies, improved infrastructure and financial system, made economic reforms, and strengthened Bangladeshi positions on the global market. Yet, the growing number of labor force earns its livings from agriculture, while undeveloped industrial sector, inefficient power supplies and underdeveloped energy and gas resources hide the potential for economic growth, developed market, and the way out of poverty. The government of Bangladesh had turned its blind eye towards the economic perspectives of technological progress, the interrelationship between transportation and communication, and the core economic factor – industrialization in the very beginning of the new nation, so today it remains underdeveloped and holds the place of one of the poorest countries in the world. References: Central Bank of Bangladesh. (2007, May). Major Economic Indicators: Monthly Update. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2006, July). Bangladesh: The Economy Fact Heitzman, J., Worden, R. (1989). Bangladesh: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Virtual Bangladesh. (2006, August). Economy: Vital Statistics. Retrieved June 5, 2007, from Read also: Padma Bridge How to cite Key Economic Indicators and Changes over time in Bangladesh, Essay examples
Monday, April 27, 2020
Study Case free essay sample
Golden Bear Golf, Inc Golden Bear Golf, Inc. The assertions that were relevant to Paragon’s construction projects are: existence and occurrence, completeness, valuation or allocation, and presentation and disclosure. Existence and occurrence: should have been used to test the revenue and gross profit on its construction projects. By testing to see if the assertion is appropriate to make sure that all revenue and gross profit exist would have brought the attention to the $4 million of un-invoiced construction costs that materialized at the end of fiscal 1997. This assertion test also would have revealed that the earned value method in practice was allowing Paragon to book much larger amounts of revenue and gross profit on its construction projects than it would have under the cost-to-cost method. Completeness: the SEC said that Sullivan and his subordinates should have rigorously tested Paragon’s large amounts of unbilled revenues at the end of 1997. A significant amount of unbilled revenue that is reported as complete should be tested to determine the reason no billing has been posted for the work that was done. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It also should be determined the reason income is being recognized for jobs that have not been identified as works in progress to determine the exact completion date of the project. By testing this assertion it would have been discovered that $4 million of work was fictitious. Valuation or allocation: Paragon overstated its revenue and profits by using the earned value method which caused a huge increase in unbilled revenue by the end of 1997. Approximately 30 percent of the 1997 income statement had not been billed to its customers. Paragon also overstated the revenue to be earned on its individual construction projects, and during the 1997 audit, Andersen personnel used thirteen of Paragon’s construction projects to corroborate the total revenue figures the company was using in applying the percentage-of-completion accounting method to its unfinished projects. If the valuation and allocation test would have been applied, the overstatement of revenue and gross profit could have been detected and prevented.Presentation and disclosure: if Andersen had used the recommendation from the AICPA Audit and Accounting GuideConstruction Contracts, he would have found out that some of the Paragon’s projects did not exist and he possibly would have determined that Paragon was overstating the completing stages of most of its existing projects. My belief of what the SEC meant by the phrase â€Å"audit failure†is that Sullivan did not practice his knowledge to make sure that Paragon accounting system was i n compliance with General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and General Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS).One reason that Sullivan was at fault for the allege audit failures is he did not test the large amounts of unbilled revenue and relied â€Å"excessively†on oral representation from Paragon management to confirm the unbilled revenue and corresponding receivables. Another reason is that Andersen auditors discovered that the total revenue being used in the percentage-of-completion exceeded the revenue figure documented, and although no documents were recorded for these oral representations, Sullivan accepted that the revenue amounts given were valid.Yes, I do believe that Sullivan was responsible for the final outcome of the deficiencies that the SEC noted in Andersen’s 1997 audit of Golden Bear. My reason for saying he should accept full responsibility is because he was a partner in Andersen and he as the leader of the audit had the final say so about what was accepted from the company and what was not.When the information about the unbilled revenue, overestimate of the project’s stage of completion, and the total revenue being used in the percentage-of-completion computations exceeded the revenue documented, he should have stopped doing the processing of the audit at that particular moment and required for more assertion test to be performed or he could have refused to continue the process of the audit if Paragon would have refused to comply to the additional test.The audit engagement team’s responsibilities to determine if an engagement is a high-risk or normal-risk engagement are the same. They both use the audit risk model to determine the inherent and control risk to detect if the account contains errors that could be material when combined with errors in other accounts and detection risk that the auditor will not detect material errors. By using the audit risk model, it would help in determining the substantive audit procedures needed for testing.The factors that prompted Sullivan to designate 1997 audit a high-risk engagement are the subjective nature of the earned value method; Paragon’s large unbilled revenues; the aggressive revenue recognition practices advocated by Golden Bear management; severe weaknesses in Paragon’s cost accounting system. These factors should have alerted Sullivan and his subordinates to be particularly cautious. No it is not required for auditors to refer to the Audit and Accounting Guides provided by the AICPA for specialized industries.Although it is not a requirement, it is a great reference on how to perform and handle an audit related to the particular industry that is being audit if it is provided. If you use the guide that is available it will help on giving you an idea about the possible procedures and testing that may be required to perform a successful audit. It is also helpful in case a question arises that may have been of the same nature in the recommended guide. The guides do not override or replace the authoritative guidance included in Statements on Auditing Standards, but it does help support the standards.
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