Friday, May 22, 2020
Computer mediated communication (CMC) - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3337 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Contents 1. Introduction             3 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Computer mediated communication (CMC)" essay for you Create order 2. Literature Review             4 3. Problem Definition             7 3.1. Research objectives             7 4. Proposed Research Methodology             7 4.1. Research Design             7 4.2. Proposed Method of Analysis             8 4.3. Universe Definition             8 4.4. Sampling Structure             8 5. Expected Contribution             9 1. Introduction Computer mediated communication (CMC) has brought about a great shift in the way we interact and look for information (Papacharissi and Rubin, 2000). Using the internet, today, users have access to thousands of sources, get information that is presented in a wide range of formats, and can also interact with people anywhere in the world. With the turn of the new millennium there has been a fundamental shift in the way people all over the world communicate even using the internet. This phenomenal change has occurred with the arrival of the Web 2.0 technology which has enabled increased amount of interaction and community formation. Of all the Web 2.0 applications, one of the most interesting and rising Web 2.0 innovations is weblogs, popularly referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"blogsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Blogs are frequently-updated websites by the owner of the site, where multimedia content can be posted. Blogs form a new genre of computer-mediated communication (Blood, 2002). Blog posts are generally in the reverse chronological order and the older posts can be archived. Readers of blogs can comment, rate, bookmark or link to the blog. Such linking forms an entire network of highly connected people (Wilde, 2007). This clustered network of interconnected texts form what is called the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“blogosphereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Simply put, the blogosphere comprises of groups of authors of content and their readers/ users. Blogs are rising in popularity. The total number of blogs in Technorati, a popular blog indexing site had reached a 133 million mark by 2008, with 900,000 blog posts in 24 hours (Sifry, 2008). With such exponential growth, in recent times the academia and industry has taken good notice of the medium. Research has been conducted on blog writer and reader motivations and final behaviour (Huang, Chou Lin, 2008). Studies say that motivation is a function of intrinsic and extrinsic factors (Guay, Vallerand Blanchard, 2000). Hence one can infer that motivation to use a blog will change with the type of blog. However, studies have not considered blog user motivations in the context of the blog types. Not much academic research has been done in studying blog readers (Huang, Chou Lin, 2008). This research is an attempt at developing an understanding of the motivations behind reading of blogs, in relation to different types of blogs. The present study aims at understanding the key drivers that motivate blog reading among Indians and hence develop a model which clearly brings out the association of these motivating factors with various types of blogs. The classification of blogs will be on the basis of reader perception. Hence, it is expected that the study will help developing a consumer-centric classification schema for blogs. Existing literature in the area of blogs indicates that little research has happened in this field. However, of whatever work has been done, most of the research focuses on the blog itself or on the blogger, and very rarely on the blog reader (Huang et al., 2008). This section talks about the existing body of knowledge on blogs. Huang et al., (2008), have suggested a good way of classifying the existing academic research on blogs. They say that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“previous research of blogs has investigated blog categories, motives for use, or motives for writing. Scholars also consider readersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ responses after reading blogs, such as trust and interactionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (p. 351). There are even studies done on the structural and systems aspects of blogs (Wilde, 2008; Herring, Scheidt, Wright Bonus, 2005; Schmidt, 2007) and blogging benefits (Baker and Moore, 2008). Looking at studies that have gone into the details of blog categories, a lot of work has been done by blog authors themselves (Herring, Scheidt, Wright Bonus, 2005). Some of the most important ones which are oft-quoted in literature are those of Blood (2002), Krishnamurthy (2002) and Herring et al. (2005), who have all significantly contributed to the field of classification of blogs. Blood (2002) classified blogs into three types on the basis of their functions as filters, personal journals and notebooks. Krishnamurthy (2002) went on to classify blogs into four types using two dimensions of a blogs orientation: personal versus topical and community versus individual. Herring, Scheidt, Wright, and Bonus (2005) used Krishnamurthys categorization and further developed a five-category scheme for classification of blogs on the basis of frequency of updating. Dearstyne (2005) suggests five types of blogs based on their uses. Corry and Mundell (2006) have arrived at a certain blog classification scheme on the basis of the purpose of existence of the blogs. However, all these classifications have either come from content analysis of blogs and do not take the readersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ view into consideration for classifying. There has been a lot of research done on specific genres of blogs. Apart from analyses of personal blogs, extensive research has been done on journalist blogs (Haas, 2005; Lasica, 2002; Matheson, 2004; Tremayne, 2006). Political blogs form another interesting topic of reserahc (Bahnisch, 2006; Bruns, 2007; Singer, 2005). A growing area of research is the role of blogs as organizational communication vehicle through corporate blogs (Charman, 2006; Efimova Grudin, 2007; Kaiser, MÃÆ' ¼ller-Seitz, Pereira, Pina, 2007; Kelleher Miller, 2006). Yet another practical use of blogs that is being studied is its use for expert communication and personal knowledge management (Ewins, 2005; Halavais, 2006; Walker, 2006) or professionals from other disciplines (Bar-Ilan, 2005). A second set of research work has been done on the blog users in general and their behavioural patterns. Numerous researchers have tried to look into what are the various factors that go into what users of blog do. Bloggers use blogs for several reasons including using it as a personal journal, as a discussion space, as a collection of links, as an opinion center among many others (Figueredo, 2005). It may be inferred that, due to its multifarious uses, there may be numerous motivations, both intrinsic and extrinsic, that lead to blog usage (Huang, Shen, Lin Chang, 2007). Baker and Moore (2008) have studied the perception of social well-being, social support and social satisfaction of bloggers as against those of non-bloggers. They found that bloggersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ social integration, reliable alliance and friendship satisfaction increased significantly compared to non-bloggersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, suggesting that blogging has beneficial effects on social well-being, especially with respect to perceived social support. Trevino (2005) has tried to study the reasons why people are in the blogosphere concluded that the most important factor motivating peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s presence in the blogosphere is that self-expression. Shen and Chiou (2009) study the aspects that go into blog community formation and the factors which cause an individual to be a part of the blog community. They say that community identification increases willingness to be a part of the community thereby positively influencing an individuals attitude towards the community to remain a member of the community. There is another body of knowledge which discusses the issue of trust and self-disclosure on blogs (e.g., Qian and Scott, 2007; Ko and Kuo, 2009). Qian and Scott (2007) explore the issues of anonymity and self-disclosure on blogs. This study concludes that bloggers whose target audience does not include people they know offline report a higher degree of anonymity than those whose audience does. Ko and Kuo (2009) reveal that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“self-disclosure of bloggers significantly and directly affects a bloggerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perception of social integration, bonding social capital, and bridge social capital, which in turn promote bloggersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ subjective well-being.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? A subset of research on blog users is those on blog writers or bloggers. Some researchers have tried to understand bloggersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ motivations in great depth (e.g.. Blood, 2002; Blumenthal, 2005; Herring, Scheidt, Wright Bonus, 2005; Lenhart and Fox, 2006; Huang, Shen, Lin Chang, 2007). However, Nardi, Schiano, Gumbrecht and Swartz (2004) analysed this issue in detail. They conducted ethnographic interviews and concluded that bloggers have five fundamental motivations that drive them to blog: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“to document their life experiences, to provide commentary and opinions, to express deeply felt emotions, to articulate ideas through writing, and to form and maintain community forums. Huang, Shen, Lin Chang (2007) conducted an empirical study which concluded that interaction by blogging is driven by the motivations of self-expression, life documenting, and commenting while on the other hand, content gathering by blogging is found to be driven by the motivations of commenting, forum participation, and information seeking. They also went on to say that these motivations drive two types of behaviour: interaction-oriented behaviour and information-oriented behaviour. There is also an attempt at understanding self-presentation strategies that blog writers adopt (Jung, Youn McClung, 2007). This study shows that the reasons for hosting personal mini-homepages are entertainment and self-expression followed by the professional advancement and passing time. According to the uses and gratification theory, users are seen as active gratification seekers interacting with the media as opposed to passive recipients of media content (Goffman, 1959). Having said this, blog readers are consuming content, and have the choice to read content that they want to at any given point of time. While all the above mentioned areas of research lay huge emphasis on the blogger, the blog reader, who forms an important component of the blogosphere, has been sparsely researched on (Huang, Chou Lin, 2008). Huang, Chou Lin (2008) tried to study the fundamental motivators behind reading blogs. This research work has arrived at a causal relationship of motives with blog reader responses. After secondary research and exploratory research, the authors have used five distinct motives in their study: affective exchange, information search, entertainment, and getting on the bandwagon. The behaviours that the paper proposes are opinion acceptance, interaction intentions, and word-of-mouth (WOM) intentions. While looking at the existing literature on blog user behaviour (both blogger and blog readers), it has been found that most of the blogs are of the personal blogs type. However, researchers have not tried to explore behaviour on the basis of blog type. From the above literature review, it is evident that there is a void in the area of research that concerns blog readers as a category of individuals on the blogosphere. Also, there is no work that has tried to bring a readersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ dimension to classification of blogs. Hence, this study will aim at bringing about a relationship between the motivating factors for reading blogs and the various types of blogs that may eventually emerge from the blog-consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ perspective. 3. Problem Definition This research aims to study the various factors that motivate reading of blogs corresponding to the various types of blogs that exist. This is a study that will be conducted among Indian blog readers. 3.1. Research objectives The key objective of the study is to identify factors affecting blog-reading and try mapping them to the various types of blogs in order to better understand motivators that drive reading through this new medium. This main objective can be achieved through the following objectives. * To identify the various drivers that motivate blog-reading among Indian * To develop a customer-centric blog classification schema on the basis of these drivers 4. Proposed Research Methodology 4.1. Research Design The research design will largely be a combination of exploratory and descriptive methods. Since the model cannot be built without further exploratory research, the study will have a mix of qualitative and quantitative techniques. The study will be conducted in two stages. The first stage will involve exploratory research which will help arrive at the factors that motivate reading of blogs. The output of this stage of the research, i.e., the list of motivators would be the input for the next stage which would involve quantitative validation of the factors using a semi-structured questionnaire. Stage 1: This involves understanding the motivating factors for blog reading in order to make a comprehensive list. This list of factors would be obtained from  · Analysis of secondary data This involves collecting the list of motivating factors in existing literature in the area of blog reading and general online reading.  · Primary research: In-depth interviews To determine the various factors that influence blog reading among online users in a manner that facilitates respondents to interact freely while giving the interviewer also the scope to probe deeply. Stage 2: This is the point where descriptive research is carried out. This is done to understand the most important motivating factors associated with different classes of blogs.  · Primary research: Semi-Structured Questionnaire The questionnaire would carry the factors determined at stage 1 which would be rated by the respondents. Administration of the questionnaire to the respondents would be done online. 4.2. Proposed Method of Analysis After the questionnaire is administered and the responses, collected, data analysis has to be done in order to arrive at the final model that the research proposes to develop. The following analytical tools will be used in order to arrive at the motivational model.  · Factor Analysis: Factor analysis has been proposed in order to arrive at the most important set of motives for reading blogs after the exploratory research.  · Regression: The factors and their relationship with different blog types can be determined through regression. 4.3. Universe Definition The following are the specifications of the target group. SEC: A, B Age: 15 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 30 Element: Indian male or female individual having access to internet at home,                                           college or workplace who are readers of blogs. Place: India 4.4. Sampling Structure The sampling unit in this case is individuals. The sample design is described separately for the two stages as follows. Stage 1: Qualitative Study  · Sampling Technique Purposive sampling would be used for conducting the depth interview.  · Sample Size This would be conducted among 9 individuals.  · Sampling Plan The respondents would be blog readers selected from the city of Ahmedabad. Recruiting will be done on the basis of respondentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ frequency of reading blogs. Hence there will be three categories of blog readers with 3 individuals in each category à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" extremely regular, moderately regular and irregular readers of blogs. Stage 2: Quantitative Study  · Sampling Technique Snowball Sampling would be used for administering the questionnaire. Taking the route of references will ensure response.  · Sample Size The proposed sample size for the study will be approximately 200. Depending on the number of variables in the final model, the sample size will undergo change.  · Sampling Plan The geographic dispersion will be taken care of at the stage of online administration of the questionnaire to account for the four major zones (North, South, East West) of India. 5. Expected Contribution So far, research has seen blogs mainly from the blog writerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective. There is almost a dearth of academic research in the about blog readers. This research will contribute to bridging this gap in knowledge. Existing research talks about blog reading motivations without taking blog types into consideration. By taking blog types also into account, this research adds a very important dimension to the existing knowledge. There has been no published, academic research done on blogging behaviour in India. Being specific to Indian blog-readers, the will add to the Indian academic body of knowledge. Last but not the least, understanding the key factors that influence blog reading specific genres of blogs can help content producers tailor their blogs in a manner which appeals most to their readers. This finding will go a long way in helping brand managers in tailoring blog-based communication for their brands to engage their audiences. References Baker, J. R., Moore, S. M. (2008). Bloggingas a Social Tool: A Psychosocial Examination              of the Effects ofBlogging. CyberPsychology Behavior, Volume 11, Issue 6, 747-             749. Bar-Ilan, J. (2005). Information hub blogs. Journal of Information Science, 31, 297-307. Blood, R. (2002). The weblog handbook: Practical advice on creating and maintaining your              blog. Cambridge, MA: Perseus. Blumenthal, M. M. (2005). Toward an Open-Source Methodology: What Can We Learn              from the Blogsphere. Public Opinion Quarterly, Volumer 69, Issue 5, 655-68. Bruns, A. (2007). Methodologies for mapping the political blogosphere: An exploration              using the IssueCrawler research tool. First Monday, 12 (5). Retrieved September              21, 2007 from https://firstmonday.org/issues/issue12_5/bruns/index.html Charman, S. (2006). Blogs in business: Using blogs behind the firewall. In A. Bruns J.              Jacobs (Eds.), Uses of Blogs (pp. 57-68). New York: Peter Lang. Corry, W. and Mundell, J. (2006). Demystifying blogs Embracing objective              communication. Paper presented at the Marketing Research Society Annual              Conference, n.p. Dearstyne, B. W. (2005). Blogs: The new information revolution? Information              Management              journal, Volume 39, 3, 38-44. Efimova, L., Grudin, J. (2007). Crossing boundaries: A case study of employee blogging.              Proceedings of the Fortieth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences              (HICSS-40). Los Alamitos: IEEE Press. Ewins, R. (2005). Who are you? Weblogs and academic identity. E-Learning, 2, 368-377. Figueredo, P. (2005). Blogs and Blog Advertising: Smart Online Marketing, or a Waste              of Money? Target Marketing, Volume 28, 37. Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. Guay, F., Vallerand, R. J. Blanchard, C. (2000). On the assessment of situational intrinsic              and extrinsic motivation: The situational motivation scale (SIMS). Motivation and              Emotion, Vol. 24, No. 3, 175-213. Haas, T. (2005). From Public Journalism to the Publics Journalism? Rhetoric and              reality in the discourse on weblogs. Journalism Studies, 6(3), 387-396. Halavais, A. (2006). Scholarly blogging: Moving towards the visible college. In A. Bruns              J. Jacobs (Eds.), Uses of Blogs (pp. 117-126). New York: Peter Lang. Herring, S.C., Scheidt, L.A., Wright, E. Bonus, S. (2005). Weblogs as a bridging genre.              Information Technology People, 18, 2, 142-171. Huang, L., Chou, Y. Lin, C. (2008). The influence of reading motives in the responses              after              reading blogs. CyberPsychology Behaviour, Volume 11, 351 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 355. Huang, L., Shen, Y., Lin, C Chang, S. (2007). Bloggers Motivations and Behaviors: A              Model. Journal of Advertising Research, Volume 47, 472 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 484. Jung, T., Youn, M. A., and McClung, S. (2007). Motivations and self-presentation              strategies on Korean-based à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Cyworldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? weblog format personal homepages.              CyberPsychology Behavior, Volume 10, Number 1, 24-31. Kaiser, S., MÃÆ' ¼ller-Seitz, G., Pereira Lopes, M., Pina e Cunha, M. (2007). Weblog-             technology as a trigger to elicit passion for knowledge. Organization, 14, 391-             412. Kaye, B. K. (2005). Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a blog, blog, blog, blog world. School of Journalism Electronic              Media, Volume 13, 73à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"95. Kelleher, T., Miller, B. M. (2006). Organizational blogs and the human voice: Relational              strategies and relational outcomes. Journal of Computer-Mediated              Communication, 11 (2), article 1. Retrieved September 13, 2009 from              https://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue2/kelleher.html Ko, H., Kuo, F. (2009). CanBloggingEnhance Subjective Well-Being Through Self-             Disclosure? CyberPsychology Behavior, Volume 12, Number 1, 75-79. Krishnamurthy, S. (2002). The multidimensionality of blog conversations: The virtual              enactment of September 11. Internet Research 3.0, n.p. Lasica, J. D. (2002). Blogging as a form of journalism. In R. Blood (ed.), Weve Got Blog.              How Weblogsare Changing Our Culture (pp. 163-170). Cambridge: Perseus. Lenhart, A. and Fox, S. (2006, July). Bloggers: A Portrait of the Internets New              Storytellers. Pew Internet American Life Report, [URL:              https://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP%20Bloggers%20Report%20July%2019             %202006.pdf]. Li, D. (2007).Why Do You Blog: A Uses-and-Gratifications Inquiry Into Bloggersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢              Motivations. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International              Communication Association, TBA, San Francisco,              https://www.allacademic.com/meta/p171490_index.html. Matheson, D. (2004). Weblogs and the epistemology of the news: Some trends in online              journalism.New Media Society, 6, 443-468. Miller, C. R., Shepherd, D. (2004). Blogging as social action: a genre analysis of the weblog.              Into the blogosphere. https://blog.lib.umn.edu/blogosphere/ (accessed Nov 18, 2009). Nardi, B. A., Schiano, D. J,, Gumbrecht M., and Swart L. (2004). Why we blog.              Communications of the ACM, Volume 47, 41à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"46. Papacharissi, Z., Rubin, A.M. (2000). Predictors of Internet use. Journal of Broadcasting              Electronic Media Volume 44, 175à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"196. Qian, H., Scott, C. R. (2007). Anonymity and self-disclosure on weblogs. Journal of              Computer-Mediated Communication, Volume 12, Issue 4, Article 14.              https://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue4/qian.html. Schmidt, J. (2007). Blogging practices: An analytical framework. Journal of Computer-             MediatedCommunication, Volume 12, Issue 4, Article 13.              [URL:https://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue4/schmidt.html] Shen, C., Chiou, I. (2009). The effect of community identification on attitude and              intention toward a blogging community. Internet Research, Volume 19Issue 4. Sifry, D. (2008). State of the Blogosphere. Retrieved on November 15, 2009 from              https://www.sifry.com/alerts/ Singer, J. (2005). The political j-blogger. Normalizing a new media form to fit old norms              and practices. Journalism, 6, 173-198. Tremayne, M. (Ed.) (2006). Blogging, Citizenship, and the Future of Media. New York:              Routledge.Bahnisch, M. (2006). The political uses of blogs. In A. Bruns J. Jacobs              (Eds.), Uses of Blogs, 139-149. New York: Peter Lang. Trevino, E. M. (2005). Blogger motivations: Power, pull, and positive feedback. Internet              Research, www.blog.erickamenchen.net. Walker, J. (2006). Blogging from inside the ivory tower. In A. Bruns J. Jacobs (Eds.),              Uses of Blogs. 127-138. New York: Peter Lang. Wilde, E. (2008). Deconstructing blogs. Online Information Review, Volume: 32,Issue: 3,              401 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 414.
Thursday, May 7, 2020
Debriefing Simulation As A Reflective Tool - 1034 Words
Debriefing in the simulation as a reflective tool Simulation is one kind of reflective tool that widely use in nursing education. National League for Nursing (NLN) described that simulation was a teaching technique that encouraged students to use and apply their theoretical knowledge in clinical scenarios (2015). NLN (2015) also mentioned that â€Å"simulation engages learners with diverse perspectives to reflect and reframe the understanding of practice, bringing thinking and doing together†(p. 4). Jones (2009) showed the similar view that reflective simulation was a critical learning process via practiced-based scenario activity that enhanced students to learn and to practice skills before they faced real situations. However, not all processes of simulation use reflection, it is just debriefing process. According to Pivec (2012), â€Å"Reflection is often a part of debriefing†(p. 9), debriefing in the simulation was a method that students reflected their experiences and knowledge after simulation (Pivec, 2012). Likewise, Shinnick et al. (2011) explained that debriefing, a guided reflection after simulation produced by educators, was a crucial process of simulation that was the time for students to reflect and explore their learning. The appropriate time for debriefing was immediately after finishing their action in case scenario (Pivec, 2012; Shinnick et al, 2011). The length of debriefing time should be two or three times of simulation’s times that scheduled by educatorsShow MoreRelatedSimulation Of Nursing Education : A Literature Review1712 Words  | 7 PagesSimulation in Nursing Education: A Literature Review Teachers are champions of learning. They work endlessly to push students to succeed and grow. They teach them to be better readers, writers, mathematicians, scientist, historians and artists. Teachers are constantly evaluating what they can do to help their students learn and to achieve personal goals, life goals, and become productive members of society. However, not all learners have the same learning style and not all teachers have the sameRead MoreCase Study Of PEPTALC Needs1085 Words  | 5 Pages Sends email requesting instructors- 2 per session (1 simulation, 1 Newborn Sim Instructor) ii. Space in Sim Center (Theater and debriefing room) e. Simulation Center AC to confirm date/time with PepTalc instructors, NICU/PCU TC, and caregivers by an outlook meeting course request in Simulation Center calendar i. Outlook invitation will include: PEPTALC Instructors assigned for that session, Simulation Technology Specialist (TS), Simulation Center Room, and NICU/PCU TC f. NICU/PCU TC will confirmRead MoreSimulation And Virtual Applications For Learning1271 Words  | 6 PagesAccording to McGonigle Mastrian, (2012), educational games, simulation and virtual technologies each have features that can assist an individual in learning and assist educators to choose appropriate tools for learners. The features include, goal orientation, competition, exploratory learning and social interaction. Learning is a skill acquired and uses thought processes that individuals need to respond, such as in gaming. Interactive experiences motivate and engage individuals in the learningRead MoreThe International Nursing Association For Clinical Simulation Based Learning1344 Words  | 6 PagesStrategies Given the rapidly changing patient population and the increased complexity in health care, it is important to recognize the value of IPE and simulation, and aim to integrate the two strategies as we train future health professionals. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Key Economic Indicators and Changes over time in Bangladesh Free Essays
The ancient region that in 1000 B.C. was called the Vanga, or Banga, Kingdom is considered to be #8 among the poorest and most densely populated countries today. We will write a custom essay sample on Key Economic Indicators and Changes over time in Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bangladesh, an independent country with parliamentary democratic government at the head of the state, remains dependent on foreign investors, grant aids and loans from the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the U.S., Japan and some Western countries, and suffers from corruption, lack of reforms, weak infrastructure and unstable financial system. The economic exploitation of the East Bengal (contemporary Bangladesh) by the West Pakistan, contemporary Pakistan, has turned out to be the complete deficit for the first player and the surplus for the other one. Yet, the advantageous climate, fertile soil, abundance of water and population growth are still playing the essential role and bringing the balance in economic indicators: income and employment rates, productivity, import and export prices, inflation, balance of trade, balance of payments, etc. Till the 10th century the East Bengal was ruled by Buddhists. Since that time the power had been handing over to Hindu, then Islamic converts in 1576 and British India from 1757 till 1947. However, the foreign dominance has shifted to domestic one and for 24 years the historic region of Bengal was a part of Pakistan. Though, the most of Pakistani population were the residents of East Pakistan (contemporary Bangladesh), the West Pakistan was holding the control over politics and economics. Grace to Sheik Mujibur Rahman and other Bengali nationalists, the independent state of Bangladesh with the capital of the state – Dhaka, and Sheikh Mujibur, as its head, was proclaimed on March 26, 1971. However, 1 million Bengalis had to pay the price during the four-year civil war that followed the independence of Bengali nation. On February, 1974, Pakistan finally accepted their autonomy attempt and a slaughter of brave soldiers was compensated in an unexpected way. The greatest problem, which has affected the devastated economy in 1980s, was the population growth. According to the facts, provided by Heitzman, J., and Worden, R., the population of East Bengal in 1901 numbered 29 million people, of East Pakistan – 44 million in 1951, of Bangladesh – 71 million in 1974, 87 million in 1981 and 110 million in 1988 (1989). It was expected that Bangladesh will reach the mark of 140 million by 2000 and today it numbers 150 million people. Today, Bangladesh takes the first place in population among Asian countries, the third one in national debt and the lowest GDP growth – 4.5 percent (Vital Statistics, 2006). Though Bangladesh had such natural resources as natural gas, timber, coal and agricultural land, they could not cover the demand of the growing population, along with natural disasters, such as cyclones, tropical monsoons, droughts, tornadoes, tidal bores and floods; therefore, agriculture – the key economic factor – was rising from ashes over and over again. So, the newly proclaimed government had to seek answers to the following issues: 1) environmental – degradation and erosion of soil, deforestation, lack of lands for cultivation, shortages of water and its pollution, natural disasters; 2) national – overpopulation, illiteracy, technological regress and diseases. The independence has also brought some economic concerns, which have to be solved with the help of brand new economic policies and planning. The government of Bangladesh had to manage over 300 industrial enterprises (90 percent out of all enterprises such like), which West Pakistani owners left after 1971. The grant aid and loan commitments to the developing economy at that time numbered $15 billion disbursed out of $22 billion planned. The UN Development Program, along with the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and developed countries gave a hand to strengthen the new nation. In order to manage the economy, the government of Bangladesh had to develop new industrial capacities and rehabilitate the economy itself. The West Pakistani economic model turned out to be inefficient and has led to economic stagnation. In 1975, the government resolved to organize public corporations and gave a greater scope to private sector, which is still working on. The state-owned enterprises that were targeted at: sugar, cotton textiles, steel, fertilizer, chemicals, minerals, pharmaceuticals, food, forest, paper newsprint, cement, garments, tea processing, engineering and shipbuilding products have been privatized; while banking sector, jute, oil and gas production remained under the governmental control. Bangladeshi government endeavored to encourage private sector and investments, denationalize public industries, ease up the import system and reinstate budgetary regulation. Yet, the reforms, expected from an enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF), along with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), were affected by political confrontation in 1991-1993. That very year, Bangladesh received $3.3 billion in food and development assistance from the United States and was forgiven $293 million of national debt. The corruption level and political troubles cut the foreign investments in 2000-2001 and led to the economic regress. In 2003, after liberalization reform, the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) $490-million plan for 3 years was approved by the IMF. Also, the World Bank has approved $536 million in interest-free loans. Other economic policies originated from the West Pakistani model and estimated the Annual Development Program, Poverty Reduction Strategies (PRSs) and the five-year plans for the economy. The first two waves of the Five-Year Plan failed to meet the objectives; but the last one, which lasted from 1985 to 1990: reduced poverty, â€Å"[brought] down the rate of population growth to 1.8 percent annually (present rate is 2.2 percent (Vital Statistics, 2006)), increase[d] exports by 5.9 percent and domestic savings by 10 percent, attain[ed] self- sufficiency in food production, [stated] GDP of 5.4 percent†(Heitzman, 1989). In its turn, the government of Bangladesh maintained institutions, responsible for implementation of economic policies and planning. The Planning Commission, the National Economic Council, the Executive Committee and the Project Evaluation Committee were and are still monitoring the reforms and progresses of economic policies and plans. According to the â€Å"Bangladesh†fact sheet, the key economic indicators between 2001 and 2006 are as follows: GDP showed a stable increase from $47.2 billion in 2001 to 63.0 billion in 2006, therefore, real GDP growth varied from 4.8 to 6.2 accordingly; GDP per capita have increased from $335 to $407; goods exports varied from 14.5 percent of GDP to 16.1 percent. The Central Bank of Bangladesh in its publication â€Å"Major Economic Indicators†provided the ample data on other economic indicators. Hereby, the Bangladeshi inflation rate increased from 1.5 % in 2001 to 6.94 % in 2007; balance of trade, 2007, amounts $-2,551 million, exports increased by $1519.05 to $9036.45 million (20.21 %) and import payments increased by $2172.8 to $12743.5 million (20.55%) in 2007. These promising facts show that foreign investments and loans, along with domestic policies, improved infrastructure and financial system, made economic reforms, and strengthened Bangladeshi positions on the global market. Yet, the growing number of labor force earns its livings from agriculture, while undeveloped industrial sector, inefficient power supplies and underdeveloped energy and gas resources hide the potential for economic growth, developed market, and the way out of poverty. The government of Bangladesh had turned its blind eye towards the economic perspectives of technological progress, the interrelationship between transportation and communication, and the core economic factor – industrialization in the very beginning of the new nation, so today it remains underdeveloped and holds the place of one of the poorest countries in the world. References: Central Bank of Bangladesh. (2007, May). Major Economic Indicators: Monthly Update. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2006, July). Bangladesh: The Economy Fact Heitzman, J., Worden, R. (1989). Bangladesh: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Virtual Bangladesh. (2006, August). Economy: Vital Statistics. Retrieved June 5, 2007, from Read also: Padma Bridge How to cite Key Economic Indicators and Changes over time in Bangladesh, Essay examples
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